Java Tutorial/Operators/Bitwise Operators
Содержание
- 1 All bitwise operators in action
- 2 Bitwise AND (&)
- 3 Bitwise complement (~): inverts ones and zeros in a number
- 4 Bitwise Operator Assignments
- 5 Bitwise OR (|)
- 6 Bitwise XOR (^)
- 7 Convert a number to negative and back
- 8 Converting Between a BitSet and a Byte Array
- 9 Demonstrate the bitwise logical operators
- 10 Left shift (<<)
- 11 Left shifting as a quick way to multiply by 2
- 12 Operations on bit-mapped fields.
- 13 Performing Bitwise Operations on a Bit Vector
- 14 Represents a collection of 64 boolean (on/off) flags.
- 15 Returns a byte array of at least length 1
- 16 Signed shift to the right
- 17 The Bitwise Logical Operators
- 18 The Bitwise Operators can be applied to the integer types, long, int, short, char, and byte.
- 19 The Left Shift
- 20 The Right Shift
- 21 The Unsigned Right Shift
- 22 Unsigned shifting a byte value.
- 23 Use bitwise operator to create hash code
All bitwise operators in action
<source lang="java">
// From "Thinking in Java, 3rd ed." (c) Bruce Eckel 2002 // www.BruceEckel.ru. See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt. import java.util.Random; public class MainClass {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Random rand = new Random();
int i = rand.nextInt();
int j = rand.nextInt();
printBinaryInt("-1", -1);
printBinaryInt("+1", +1);
int maxpos = 2147483647;
printBinaryInt("maxpos", maxpos);
int maxneg = -2147483648;
printBinaryInt("maxneg", maxneg);
printBinaryInt("i", i);
printBinaryInt("~i", ~i);
printBinaryInt("-i", -i);
printBinaryInt("j", j);
printBinaryInt("i & j", i & j);
printBinaryInt("i | j", i | j);
printBinaryInt("i ^ j", i ^ j);
printBinaryInt("i << 5", i << 5);
printBinaryInt("i >> 5", i >> 5);
printBinaryInt("(~i) >> 5", (~i) >> 5);
printBinaryInt("i >>> 5", i >>> 5);
printBinaryInt("(~i) >>> 5", (~i) >>> 5);
long l = rand.nextLong();
long m = rand.nextLong();
printBinaryLong("-1L", -1L);
printBinaryLong("+1L", +1L);
long ll = 9223372036854775807L;
printBinaryLong("maxpos", ll);
long lln = -9223372036854775808L;
printBinaryLong("maxneg", lln);
printBinaryLong("l", l);
printBinaryLong("~l", ~l);
printBinaryLong("-l", -l);
printBinaryLong("m", m);
printBinaryLong("l & m", l & m);
printBinaryLong("l | m", l | m);
printBinaryLong("l ^ m", l ^ m);
printBinaryLong("l << 5", l << 5);
printBinaryLong("l >> 5", l >> 5);
printBinaryLong("(~l) >> 5", (~l) >> 5);
printBinaryLong("l >>> 5", l >>> 5);
printBinaryLong("(~l) >>> 5", (~l) >>> 5);
}
static void printBinaryInt(String s, int i) {
System.out.println(s + ", int: " + i + ", binary: ");
System.out.print(" ");
for (int j = 31; j >= 0; j--)
if (((1 << j) & i) != 0)
System.out.print("1");
else
System.out.print("0");
System.out.println();
}
static void printBinaryLong(String s, long l) {
System.out.println(s + ", long: " + l + ", binary: ");
System.out.print(" ");
for (int i = 63; i >= 0; i--)
if (((1L << i) & l) != 0)
System.out.print("1");
else
System.out.print("0");
System.out.println();
}
}</source>
-1, int: -1, binary: 11111111111111111111111111111111 +1, int: 1, binary: 00000000000000000000000000000001 maxpos, int: 2147483647, binary: 01111111111111111111111111111111 maxneg, int: -2147483648, binary: 10000000000000000000000000000000 i, int: 907739811, binary: 00110110000110110000001010100011 ~i, int: -907739812, binary: 11001001111001001111110101011100 -i, int: -907739811, binary: 11001001111001001111110101011101 j, int: -1527787021, binary: 10100100111011111101000111110011 i & j, int: 604700835, binary: 00100100000010110000000010100011 i | j, int: -1224748045, binary: 10110110111111111101001111110011 i ^ j, int: -1829448880, binary: 10010010111101001101001101010000 i << 5, int: -1017097120, binary: 11000011011000000101010001100000 i >> 5, int: 28366869, binary: 00000001101100001101100000010101 (~i) >> 5, int: -28366870, binary: 11111110010011110010011111101010 i >>> 5, int: 28366869, binary: 00000001101100001101100000010101 (~i) >>> 5, int: 105850858, binary: 00000110010011110010011111101010 -1L, long: -1, binary: 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 +1L, long: 1, binary: 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 maxpos, long: 9223372036854775807, binary: 0111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 maxneg, long: -9223372036854775808, binary: 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 l, long: 6929873296403828491, binary: 0110000000101011110110110000110000001010100111011000111100001011 ~l, long: -6929873296403828492, binary: 1001111111010100001001001111001111110101011000100111000011110100 -l, long: -6929873296403828491, binary: 1001111111010100001001001111001111110101011000100111000011110101 m, long: -352541115944271612, binary: 1111101100011011100001011011100100001111011011000000000100000100 l & m, long: 6920767123913179392, binary: 0110000000001011100000010000100000001010000011000000000100000000 l | m, long: -343434943453622513, binary: 1111101100111011110111111011110100001111111111011000111100001111 l ^ m, long: -7264202067366801905, binary: 1001101100110000010111101011010100000101111100011000111000001111 l << 5, long: 395016600407892320, binary: 0000010101111011011000011000000101010011101100011110000101100000 l >> 5, long: 216558540512619640, binary: 0000001100000001010111101101100001100000010101001110110001111000 (~l) >> 5, long: -216558540512619641, binary: 1111110011111110101000010010011110011111101010110001001110000111 l >>> 5, long: 216558540512619640, binary: 0000001100000001010111101101100001100000010101001110110001111000 (~l) >>> 5, long: 359902211790803847, binary: 0000010011111110101000010010011110011111101010110001001110000111
Bitwise AND (&)
<source lang="java">
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] a) {
System.out.println(9 & 7);
}
} //1</source>
Bitwise complement (~): inverts ones and zeros in a number
<source lang="java">
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] a) {
int i = 1;
System.out.println(i);
int j = ~i + 1;
System.out.println(j);
i = ~j + 1;
System.out.println(i);
}
} /* 1 -1 1
- /</source>
Bitwise Operator Assignments
<source lang="java">
public class MainClass {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int a = 1;
int b = 2;
int c = 3;
a |= 4;
b >>= 1;
c <<= 1;
a ^= c;
System.out.println("a = " + a);
System.out.println("b = " + b);
System.out.println("c = " + c);
}
}</source>
a = 3 b = 1 c = 6
Bitwise OR (|)
<source lang="java">
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] a) {
System.out.println(19 | 7);
}
} //23</source>
Bitwise XOR (^)
<source lang="java">
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] a) {
System.out.println(9 ^ 7);
}
} //14</source>
Convert a number to negative and back
<source lang="java">
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] a) {
int i = 1;
System.out.println(i);
int j = ~i + 1;
System.out.println(j);
i = ~j + 1;
System.out.println(i);
}
} /* 1 -1 1
- /</source>
Converting Between a BitSet and a Byte Array
<source lang="java">
import java.util.BitSet; public class Main {
public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
System.out.println(fromByteArray(new byte[]{1,2,3}));
}
// Returns a bitset containing the values in bytes.
public static BitSet fromByteArray(byte[] bytes) {
BitSet bits = new BitSet();
for (int i = 0; i < bytes.length * 8; i++) {
if ((bytes[bytes.length - i / 8 - 1] & (1 << (i % 8))) > 0) {
bits.set(i);
}
}
return bits;
}
} //{0, 1, 9, 16}</source>
Demonstrate the bitwise logical operators
<source lang="java">
public class MainClass {
public static void main(String args[]) {
String binary[] = {
"0000", "0001", "0010", "0011", "0100", "0101", "0110", "0111",
"1000", "1001", "1010", "1011", "1100", "1101", "1110", "1111"
};
int a = 3; // 0 + 2 + 1 or 0011 in binary
int b = 6; // 4 + 2 + 0 or 0110 in binary
int c = a | b;
int d = a & b;
int e = a ^ b;
int f = (~a & b) | (a & ~b);
int g = ~a & 0x0f;
System.out.println(" a = " + binary[a]);
System.out.println(" b = " + binary[b]);
System.out.println(" a|b = " + binary[c]);
System.out.println(" a&b = " + binary[d]);
System.out.println(" a^b = " + binary[e]);
System.out.println("~a&b|a&~b = " + binary[f]);
System.out.println(" ~a = " + binary[g]);
}
}</source>
a = 0011 b = 0110 a|b = 0111 a&b = 0010 a^b = 0101 ~a&b|a&~b = 0101 ~a = 1100
Left shift (<<)
<source lang="java">
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] a) {
System.out.println(9 << 7);
}
} //1152</source>
Left shifting as a quick way to multiply by 2
<source lang="java">
public class MainClass {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int i;
int num = 0xFFFFFFE;
for(i=0; i<4; i++) {
num = num << 1;
System.out.println(num);
}
}
}</source>
536870908 1073741816 2147483632 -32
Operations on bit-mapped fields.
<source lang="java">
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */
/**
* Operations on bit-mapped fields. * * @author Apache Jakarta POI * @author Scott Sanders (sanders at apache dot org) * @author Marc Johnson (mjohnson at apache dot org) * @author Andrew C. Oliver (acoliver at apache dot org) * @author Stephen Colebourne * @author Pete Gieser * @author Gary Gregory * @since 2.0 * @version $Id: BitField.java 437554 2006-08-28 06:21:41Z bayard $ */
public class BitField {
private final int _mask;
private final int _shift_count;
/**
* Creates a BitField instance.
*
* @param mask the mask specifying which bits apply to this
* BitField. Bits that are set in this mask are the bits
* that this BitField operates on
*/
public BitField(int mask) {
_mask = mask;
int count = 0;
int bit_pattern = mask;
if (bit_pattern != 0) {
while ((bit_pattern & 1) == 0) {
count++;
bit_pattern >>= 1;
}
}
_shift_count = count;
}
/**
* Obtains the value for the specified BitField, appropriately
* shifted right.
*
* Many users of a BitField will want to treat the specified
* bits as an int value, and will not want to be aware that the
* value is stored as a BitField (and so shifted left so many
* bits).
*
* @see #setValue(int,int)
* @param holder the int data containing the bits we"re interested
* in
* @return the selected bits, shifted right appropriately
*/
public int getValue(int holder) {
return getRawValue(holder) >> _shift_count;
}
/**
* Obtains the value for the specified BitField, appropriately
* shifted right, as a short.
*
* Many users of a BitField will want to treat the specified
* bits as an int value, and will not want to be aware that the
* value is stored as a BitField (and so shifted left so many
* bits).
*
* @see #setShortValue(short,short)
* @param holder the short data containing the bits we"re
* interested in
* @return the selected bits, shifted right appropriately
*/
public short getShortValue(short holder) {
return (short) getValue(holder);
}
/**
* Obtains the value for the specified BitField, unshifted.
*
* @param holder the int data containing the bits we"re
* interested in
* @return the selected bits
*/
public int getRawValue(int holder) {
return holder & _mask;
}
/**
* Obtains the value for the specified BitField, unshifted.
*
* @param holder the short data containing the bits we"re
* interested in
* @return the selected bits
*/
public short getShortRawValue(short holder) {
return (short) getRawValue(holder);
}
/**
* Returns whether the field is set or not.
*
* This is most commonly used for a single-bit field, which is
* often used to represent a boolean value; the results of using
* it for a multi-bit field is to determine whether *any* of its
* bits are set.
*
* @param holder the int data containing the bits we"re interested
* in
* @return true if any of the bits are set,
* else false
*/
public boolean isSet(int holder) {
return (holder & _mask) != 0;
}
/**
* Returns whether all of the bits are set or not.
*
* This is a stricter test than {@link #isSet(int)},
* in that all of the bits in a multi-bit set must be set
* for this method to return true.
*
* @param holder the int data containing the bits we"re
* interested in
* @return true if all of the bits are set,
* else false
*/
public boolean isAllSet(int holder) {
return (holder & _mask) == _mask;
}
/**
* Replaces the bits with new values.
*
* @see #getValue(int)
* @param holder the int data containing the bits we"re
* interested in
* @param value the new value for the specified bits
* @return the value of holder with the bits from the value
* parameter replacing the old bits
*/
public int setValue(int holder, int value) {
return (holder & ~_mask) | ((value << _shift_count) & _mask);
}
/**
* Replaces the bits with new values.
*
* @see #getShortValue(short)
* @param holder the short data containing the bits we"re
* interested in
* @param value the new value for the specified bits
* @return the value of holder with the bits from the value
* parameter replacing the old bits
*/
public short setShortValue(short holder, short value) {
return (short) setValue(holder, value);
}
/**
* Clears the bits.
*
* @param holder the int data containing the bits we"re
* interested in
* @return the value of holder with the specified bits cleared
* (set to 0)
*/
public int clear(int holder) {
return holder & ~_mask;
}
/**
* Clears the bits.
*
* @param holder the short data containing the bits we"re
* interested in
* @return the value of holder with the specified bits cleared
* (set to 0)
*/
public short clearShort(short holder) {
return (short) clear(holder);
}
/**
* Clears the bits.
*
* @param holder the byte data containing the bits we"re
* interested in
*
* @return the value of holder with the specified bits cleared
* (set to 0)
*/
public byte clearByte(byte holder) {
return (byte) clear(holder);
}
/**
* Sets the bits.
*
* @param holder the int data containing the bits we"re
* interested in
* @return the value of holder with the specified bits set
* to 1
*/
public int set(int holder) {
return holder | _mask;
}
/**
* Sets the bits.
*
* @param holder the short data containing the bits we"re
* interested in
* @return the value of holder with the specified bits set
* to 1
*/
public short setShort(short holder) {
return (short) set(holder);
}
/**
* Sets the bits.
*
* @param holder the byte data containing the bits we"re
* interested in
*
* @return the value of holder with the specified bits set
* to 1
*/
public byte setByte(byte holder) {
return (byte) set(holder);
}
/**
* Sets a boolean BitField.
*
* @param holder the int data containing the bits we"re
* interested in
* @param flag indicating whether to set or clear the bits
* @return the value of holder with the specified bits set or
* cleared
*/
public int setBoolean(int holder, boolean flag) {
return flag ? set(holder) : clear(holder);
}
/**
* Sets a boolean BitField.
*
* @param holder the short data containing the bits we"re
* interested in
* @param flag indicating whether to set or clear the bits
* @return the value of holder with the specified bits set or
* cleared
*/
public short setShortBoolean(short holder, boolean flag) {
return flag ? setShort(holder) : clearShort(holder);
}
/**
* Sets a boolean BitField.
*
* @param holder the byte data containing the bits we"re
* interested in
* @param flag indicating whether to set or clear the bits
* @return the value of holder with the specified bits set or
* cleared
*/
public byte setByteBoolean(byte holder, boolean flag) {
return flag ? setByte(holder) : clearByte(holder);
}
}</source>
Performing Bitwise Operations on a Bit Vector
<source lang="java">
import java.util.BitSet; public class Main {
public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
// Create the bitset
BitSet bits = new BitSet();
// Set a bit on
bits.set(2);
// Retrieving the value of a bit
boolean b = bits.get(0);
b = bits.get(2);
// Clear a bit
bits.clear(1);
// Setting a range of bits
BitSet bits2 = new BitSet();
bits2.set(1, 4);
// And"ing two bitsets
bits.and(bits2);
// Xor"ing two bitsets
bits.xor(bits2);
// Flip all bits in the bitset
bits.flip(0, bits.length());
// Andnot"ing two bitsets
bits.andNot(bits2);
// Or"ing two bitsets
bits.or(bits2);
}
}</source>
Represents a collection of 64 boolean (on/off) flags.
<source lang="java">
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */
import java.io.Serializable; /**
* Represents a collection of 64 boolean (on/off) flags. Individual flags * are represented by powers of 2. For example,
* Flag 1 = 1
* Flag 2 = 2
* Flag 3 = 4
* Flag 4 = 8
* or using shift operator to make numbering easier:
* Flag 1 = 1 << 0
* Flag 2 = 1 << 1
* Flag 3 = 1 << 2
* Flag 4 = 1 << 3
* * * There cannot be a flag with a value of 3 because that represents Flag 1 * and Flag 2 both being on/true. * * * @version $Revision: 478334 $ $Date: 2006-11-22 21:31:54 +0000 (Wed, 22 Nov 2006) $ */
public class Flags implements Serializable {
/**
* Represents the current flag state.
*/
private long flags = 0;
/**
* Create a new Flags object.
*/
public Flags() {
super();
}
/**
* Initialize a new Flags object with the given flags.
*
* @param flags collection of boolean flags to represent.
*/
public Flags(long flags) {
super();
this.flags = flags;
}
/**
* Returns the current flags.
*
* @return collection of boolean flags represented.
*/
public long getFlags() {
return this.flags;
}
/**
* Tests whether the given flag is on. If the flag is not a power of 2
* (ie. 3) this tests whether the combination of flags is on.
*
* @param flag Flag value to check.
*
* @return whether the specified flag value is on.
*/
public boolean isOn(long flag) {
return (this.flags & flag) > 0;
}
/**
* Tests whether the given flag is off. If the flag is not a power of 2
* (ie. 3) this tests whether the combination of flags is off.
*
* @param flag Flag value to check.
*
* @return whether the specified flag value is off.
*/
public boolean isOff(long flag) {
return (this.flags & flag) == 0;
}
/**
* Turns on the given flag. If the flag is not a power of 2 (ie. 3) this
* turns on multiple flags.
*
* @param flag Flag value to turn on.
*/
public void turnOn(long flag) {
this.flags |= flag;
}
/**
* Turns off the given flag. If the flag is not a power of 2 (ie. 3) this
* turns off multiple flags.
*
* @param flag Flag value to turn off.
*/
public void turnOff(long flag) {
this.flags &= ~flag;
}
/**
* Turn off all flags.
*/
public void turnOffAll() {
this.flags = 0;
}
/**
* Turn off all flags. This is a synonym for turnOffAll().
* @since Validator 1.1.1
*/
public void clear() {
this.flags = 0;
}
/**
* Turn on all 64 flags.
*/
public void turnOnAll() {
this.flags = Long.MAX_VALUE;
}
/**
* Clone this Flags object.
*
* @return a copy of this object.
* @see java.lang.Object#clone()
*/
public Object clone() {
try {
return super.clone();
} catch(CloneNotSupportedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException("Couldn"t clone Flags object.");
}
}
/**
* Tests if two Flags objects are in the same state.
* @param obj object being tested
* @see java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object)
*
* @return whether the objects are equal.
*/
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (!(obj instanceof Flags)) {
return false;
}
if (obj == this) {
return true;
}
Flags f = (Flags) obj;
return this.flags == f.flags;
}
/**
* The hash code is based on the current state of the flags.
* @see java.lang.Object#hashCode()
*
* @return the hash code for this object.
*/
public int hashCode() {
return (int) this.flags;
}
/**
* Returns a 64 length String with the first flag on the right and the
* 64th flag on the left. A 1 indicates the flag is on, a 0 means it"s
* off.
*
* @return string representation of this object.
*/
public String toString() {
StringBuffer bin = new StringBuffer(Long.toBinaryString(this.flags));
for (int i = 64 - bin.length(); i > 0; i--) {
bin.insert(0, "0");
}
return bin.toString();
}
}</source>
Returns a byte array of at least length 1
<source lang="java">
import java.util.BitSet; public class Main {
public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
BitSet bitset = new BitSet();
bitset.set(1);
System.out.println(toByteArray(bitset));
}
public static byte[] toByteArray(BitSet bits) {
byte[] bytes = new byte[bits.length() / 8 + 1];
for (int i = 0; i < bits.length(); i++) {
if (bits.get(i)) {
bytes[bytes.length - i / 8 - 1] |= 1 << (i % 8);
}
}
return bytes;
}
}</source>
Signed shift to the right
<source lang="java">
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
byte b = 11;
System.out.println(b >> 1);
}
}</source>
The Bitwise Logical Operators
<source lang="java">
A B A | B A & B A ^ B ~A 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 The Bitwise NOT
00101010 42
becomes
11010101
The Bitwise AND
00101010 42 & 00001111 15 __________ 00001010 10
The Bitwise OR
00101010 42
| 00001111 15
_________
00101111 47
The Bitwise XOR
00101010 42 ^ 00001111 15 _________ 00100101 37</source>
The Bitwise Operators can be applied to the integer types, long, int, short, char, and byte.
OperatorResult~Bitwise unary NOT&Bitwise AND|Bitwise OR^Bitwise exclusive OR>>Shift right>>>Shift right zero fill<<Shift left&=Bitwise AND assignment|=Bitwise OR assignment^=Bitwise exclusive OR assignment>>Shift right assignment>>>=Shift right zero fill assignment<<=Shift left assignment
The Left Shift
<source lang="java">
// Left shifting a byte value. public class MainClass {
public static void main(String args[]) {
byte a = 64, b;
int i;
i = a << 2;
b = (byte) (a << 2);
System.out.println("Original value of a: " + a);
System.out.println("i and b: " + i + " " + b);
}
}</source>
Original value of a: 64 i and b: 256 0
The Right Shift
<source lang="java">
public class MainClass {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int a = 32;
a = a >> 2; // a now contains 8
System.out.println(a);
}
}</source>
The Unsigned Right Shift
<source lang="java">
public class MainClass {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int a = -1;
a = a >>> 24;
System.out.println(a);
}
}</source>
255
Unsigned shifting a byte value.
<source lang="java">
public class MainClass {
static public void main(String args[]) {
char hex[] = {
"0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7",
"8", "9", "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f"
};
byte b = (byte) 0xf1;
byte c = (byte) (b >> 4);
byte d = (byte) (b >>> 4);
byte e = (byte) ((b & 0xff) >> 4);
System.out.println(" b = 0x"
+ hex[(b >> 4) & 0x0f] + hex[b & 0x0f]);
System.out.println(" b >> 4 = 0x"
+ hex[(c >> 4) & 0x0f] + hex[c & 0x0f]);
System.out.println(" b >>> 4 = 0x"
+ hex[(d >> 4) & 0x0f] + hex[d & 0x0f]);
System.out.println("(b & 0xff) >> 4 = 0x"
+ hex[(e >> 4) & 0x0f] + hex[e & 0x0f]);
}
}</source>
b = 0xf1 b >> 4 = 0xff b >>> 4 = 0xff (b & 0xff) >> 4 = 0x0f
Use bitwise operator to create hash code
<source lang="java">
public class Main {
int instanceField;
{
int hc = hashCode();
instanceField = hc;
for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
System.out.print((hc & 0x80000000) != 0 ? "1" : "0");
hc <<= 1;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(new Main().instanceField);
System.out.println(new Main().instanceField);
}
}</source>
