Java Tutorial/XML/DOM Attribute

An encoder for converting text to be used within XML attribute values

import java.text.CharacterIterator;
import java.text.StringCharacterIterator;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
/**
 * An encoder useful for converting text to be used within XML attribute values.
 * The following translations will be performed:
 * <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" border="1">
 * <tr>
 * <th>Raw (Unencoded)<br/>Character</th>
 * <th>Translated (Encoded)<br/>Entity</th>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td> &amp; </td>
 * <td> &amp;amp; </td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td> &lt; </td>
 * <td> &amp;lt; </td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td> &gt; </td>
 * <td> &amp;gt; </td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td> &quot; </td>
 * <td> &amp;quot; </td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td> &#039; </td>
 * <td> &amp;#039; </td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td>All Others</td>
 * <td>No Translation</td>
 * </tr>
 * </table>
 * </p>
 */
public class XmlValueEncoder  {
    
    private static final Map<String, Character> SPECIAL_ENTITIES;
    
    static {
        SPECIAL_ENTITIES = new HashMap<String, Character>();
        
        SPECIAL_ENTITIES.put("quot", """);
        SPECIAL_ENTITIES.put("gt", ">");
        SPECIAL_ENTITIES.put("lt", "<");
        SPECIAL_ENTITIES.put("amp", "&");
        
    }
    
    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     *
     * @see org.jboss.dna.rumon.text.TextEncoder#encode(java.lang.String)
     */
    public String encode( String text ) {
        if (text == null) return null;
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        CharacterIterator iter = new StringCharacterIterator(text);
        for (char c = iter.first(); c != CharacterIterator.DONE; c = iter.next()) {
            switch (c) {
                case "&":
                    sb.append("&amp;");
                    break;
                case """:
                    sb.append("&quot;");
                    break;
                case "<":
                    sb.append("&lt;");
                    break;
                case ">":
                    sb.append("&gt;");
                    break;
                case "\"":
                    sb.append("&#039;");
                    break;
                default:
                    sb.append(c);
            }
        }
        return sb.toString();
    }
    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     *
     * @see org.jboss.dna.rumon.text.TextDecoder#decode(java.lang.String)
     */
    public String decode( String encodedText ) {
        if (encodedText == null) return null;
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        CharacterIterator iter = new StringCharacterIterator(encodedText);
        for (char c = iter.first(); c != CharacterIterator.DONE; c = iter.next()) {
            if (c == "&") {
                int index = iter.getIndex();
                
                do {
                    c = iter.next();
                }
                while (c != CharacterIterator.DONE && c != ";");
                // We found a closing semicolon
                if (c == ";") {
                    String s = encodedText.substring(index + 1, iter.getIndex());
                    
                    if (SPECIAL_ENTITIES.containsKey(s)) {
                        sb.append(SPECIAL_ENTITIES.get(s));
                        continue;
                        
                    }
                    
                    if (s.length() > 0 && s.charAt(0) == "#") {
                        try {
                            sb.append((char) Short.parseShort(s.substring(1, s.length())));
                            continue;
                        }
                        catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
                            // This is possible in malformed encodings, but let it fall through
                        }
                    }
                }
                
                // Malformed encoding, restore state and pass poorly encoded data back
                c = "&";
                iter.setIndex(index);                            
            }
            sb.append(c);
        }
        return sb.toString();
    }
}

Copy the attribues on one element to the other

import org.w3c.dom.Attr;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.NamedNodeMap;
public class Utils {
  public static void copyAttributes(Element from, Element to) {
      NamedNodeMap attributes = from.getAttributes();
      for (int i = 0; i < attributes.getLength(); i++) {
          Attr node = (Attr) attributes.item(i);
          to.setAttributeNS(node.getNamespaceURI(), node.getName(), node.getValue());
      }
  }
}

Encode Xml Attribute

/** 
 * 
 * The ObjectStyle Group Software License, version 1.1
 * ObjectStyle Group - http://objectstyle.org/
 * 
 * Copyright (c) 2002-2005, Andrei (Andrus) Adamchik and individual authors
 * of the software. All rights reserved.
 * 
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
 *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
 *    distribution.
 * 
 * 3. The end-user documentation included with the redistribution, if any,
 *    must include the following acknowlegement:
 *    "This product includes software developed by independent contributors
 *    and hosted on ObjectStyle Group web site (http://objectstyle.org/)."
 *    Alternately, this acknowlegement may appear in the software itself,
 *    if and wherever such third-party acknowlegements normally appear.
 * 
 * 4. The names "ObjectStyle Group" and "Cayenne" must not be used to endorse
 *    or promote products derived from this software without prior written
 *    permission. For written permission, email
 *    "andrus at objectstyle dot org".
 * 
 * 5. Products derived from this software may not be called "ObjectStyle"
 *    or "Cayenne", nor may "ObjectStyle" or "Cayenne" appear in their
 *    names without prior written permission.
 * 
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS"" AND ANY EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED
 * WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
 * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
 * DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE OBJECTSTYLE GROUP OR
 * ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
 * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF
 * USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
 * ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
 * OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
 * OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 * 
 * This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many
 * individuals and hosted on ObjectStyle Group web site.  For more
 * information on the ObjectStyle Group, please see
 * <http://objectstyle.org/>.
 */
import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.lang.reflect.Member;
import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
import java.net.URL;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.ruparator;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
import javax.xml.parsers.ParserConfigurationException;
import javax.xml.parsers.SAXParser;
import javax.xml.parsers.SAXParserFactory;

import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
import org.xml.sax.XMLReader;
/**
 * Contains various unorganized static utility methods used across Cayenne.
 * 
 * @author Andrei Adamchik
 */
public class Util {
  /**
   * Encodes a string so that it can be used as an attribute value in an XML document.
   * Will do conversion of the greater/less signs, quotes and ampersands.
   */
  public static String encodeXmlAttribute(String str) {
      if (str == null)
          return null;
      int len = str.length();
      if (len == 0)
          return str;
      StringBuffer encoded = new StringBuffer();
      for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
          char c = str.charAt(i);
          if (c == "<")
              encoded.append("&lt;");
          else if (c == "\"")
              encoded.append("&quot;");
          else if (c == ">")
              encoded.append("&gt;");
          else if (c == "\"")
              encoded.append("&apos;");
          else if (c == "&")
              encoded.append("&amp;");
          else
              encoded.append(c);
      }
      return encoded.toString();
  }
}

Find Element Or Create And Attribute

import java.text.ParseException;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.Iterator;
import org.w3c.dom.Document;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;
/*******************************************************************************
 * Copyright (C) 2007 Google Inc.
 * 
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
 * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
 * the License at
 * 
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 * 
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
 * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
 * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
 * the License.
 ******************************************************************************/
/**
 * Various XML utilities.
 * 
 * @author simonjsmith, ksim
 * @version 1.1 - ksim - March 6th, 2007 - Added functions regarding streaming
 * @version 1.2 - ksim - March 10th, 2007 - Added functions regarding DOM
 *          manipulation
 */
public class Utils {
  public static Element findElementElseCreateAndAttribute(Document document,
      Element parent, String element, String attributeName,
      String attributeValue) {
    NodeList nl = parent.getElementsByTagName(element);
    Element e = null;
    if (nl.getLength() == 0) {
      parent.appendChild(document.createElement(element));
      e = (Element) parent.getElementsByTagName(element).item(0);
      e.setAttribute(attributeName, attributeValue);
    }
    return e;
  }
}

Find Element Or Create And Set Attribute

import java.text.ParseException;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.Iterator;
import org.w3c.dom.Document;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;
/*******************************************************************************
 * Copyright (C) 2007 Google Inc.
 * 
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
 * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
 * the License at
 * 
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 * 
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
 * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
 * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
 * the License.
 ******************************************************************************/
/**
 * Various XML utilities.
 * 
 * @author simonjsmith, ksim
 * @version 1.1 - ksim - March 6th, 2007 - Added functions regarding streaming
 * @version 1.2 - ksim - March 10th, 2007 - Added functions regarding DOM
 *          manipulation
 */
public class Utils {
  public static Element findElementElseCreateAndSetAndAttribute(
      Document document, Element parent, String element, String value,
      String attributeName, String attributeValue) {
    Element e = findElementElseCreateAndAttribute(document, parent,
        element, attributeName, attributeValue);
    if (e != null)
      e.appendChild(document.createTextNode(value));
    return e;
  }
  public static Element findElementElseCreateAndAttribute(Document document,
      Element parent, String element, String attributeName,
      String attributeValue) {
    NodeList nl = parent.getElementsByTagName(element);
    Element e = null;
    if (nl.getLength() == 0) {
      parent.appendChild(document.createElement(element));
      e = (Element) parent.getElementsByTagName(element).item(0);
      e.setAttribute(attributeName, attributeValue);
    }
    return e;
  }
}

get all the attributes for an Element

import org.w3c.dom.Attr;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.NamedNodeMap;

public class Main {
  // get all the attributes for an Element
  public static Attr[] getAttrs(Element elem) {
      NamedNodeMap attrMap = elem.getAttributes();
      Attr [] attrArray = new Attr[attrMap.getLength()];
      for (int i=0; i<attrMap.getLength(); i++)
          attrArray[i] = (Attr)attrMap.item(i);
      return attrArray;
  } // getAttrs(Element):  Attr[]
 
}

Get an Attribute from an Element. Returns an empty String if none found

/**********************************************************************************
*
* Copyright (c) 2003, 2004 The Regents of the University of Michigan, Trustees of Indiana University,
*                  Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford, Jr., University, and The MIT Corporation
*
* Licensed under the Educational Community License Version 1.0 (the "License");
* By obtaining, using and/or copying this Original Work, you agree that you have read,
* understand, and will comply with the terms and conditions of the Educational Community License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at:
*
*      http://cvs.sakaiproject.org/licenses/license_1_0.html
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
* INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
* DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
* FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
*
**********************************************************************************/
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;
public class Utils {
  /**
   * Get an Attribute from an Element.  Returns an empty String if none found
   * @param element the containing Element
   * @param name the attribute name
   * @return Attribute as a String
   */
  public static String getAttribute(Element element, String name) {
    return element.getAttribute(name);
  }
  /**
   * Return a list of named Elements with a specific attribute value.
   * @param element the containing Element
   * @param name the tag name
   * @param attribute Attribute name
   * @param value Attribute value
   * @param returnFirst Return only the first matching value?
   * @return List of matching elements
   */
  public static List selectElementsByAttributeValue(Element element, String name,
                                                    String attribute, String value,
                                                    boolean returnFirst) {
    NodeList  elementList = element.getElementsByTagName(name);
    List      resultList  = new ArrayList();
    for (int i = 0; i < elementList.getLength(); i++) {
      if (getAttribute((Element) elementList.item(i), attribute).equals(value)) {
        resultList.add(elementList.item(i));
        if (returnFirst) {
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    return resultList;
  }
}

Get Attribute

/**
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
 * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
 * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
 * KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
 * specific language governing permissions and limitations
 * under the License.
 */
import org.w3c.dom.NamedNodeMap;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
/**
 * Few simple utils to read DOM. This is originally from the Jakarta Commons
 * Modeler.
 * 
 * @author Costin Manolache
 */
public class Utils {
  public static String getAttribute(Node element, String attName) {
    NamedNodeMap attrs = element.getAttributes();
    if (attrs == null) {
      return null;
    }
    Node attN = attrs.getNamedItem(attName);
    if (attN == null) {
      return null;
    }
    return attN.getNodeValue();
  }
}

Has Attribute

import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.NamedNodeMap;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
public class Utils {

  public static boolean hasAttribute(Element element, String value) {
    NamedNodeMap attributes = element.getAttributes();
    for (int i = 0; i < attributes.getLength(); i++) {
        Node node = attributes.item(i);
        if (value.equals(node.getNodeValue())) {
            return true;
        }
    }
    return false;
}
}

Output XML element Attributes

import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.NamedNodeMap;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
public class Utils {

  public static void printAttributes(Element element) {
      NamedNodeMap attributes = element.getAttributes();
      for (int i = 0; i < attributes.getLength(); i++) {
          Node node = attributes.item(i);
          System.err.println("## prefix=" + node.getPrefix() + " localname:" + node.getLocalName()
                             + " value=" + node.getNodeValue());
      }
  }
}

remove Attribute

import org.w3c.dom.NamedNodeMap;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
/**
 *  
 *
 * @author Costin Manolache
 */
public class Main {
  public static void removeAttribute( Node node, String attName ) {
    NamedNodeMap attributes=node.getAttributes();
    attributes.removeNamedItem(attName);                
}
}

Return a list of named Elements with a specific attribute value.

/**********************************************************************************
*
* Copyright (c) 2003, 2004 The Regents of the University of Michigan, Trustees of Indiana University,
*                  Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford, Jr., University, and The MIT Corporation
*
* Licensed under the Educational Community License Version 1.0 (the "License");
* By obtaining, using and/or copying this Original Work, you agree that you have read,
* understand, and will comply with the terms and conditions of the Educational Community License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at:
*
*      http://cvs.sakaiproject.org/licenses/license_1_0.html
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
* INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
* DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
* FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
*
**********************************************************************************/

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;
public class Utils {
  /**
   * Get an Attribute from an Element.  Returns an empty String if none found
   * @param element the containing Element
   * @param name the attribute name
   * @return Attribute as a String
   */
  public static String getAttribute(Element element, String name) {
    return element.getAttribute(name);
  }
  /**
   * Return a list of named Elements with a specific attribute value.
   * @param element the containing Element
   * @param name the tag name
   * @param attribute Attribute name
   * @param value Attribute value
   * @param returnFirst Return only the first matching value?
   * @return List of matching elements
   */
  public static List selectElementsByAttributeValue(Element element, String name,
                                                    String attribute, String value,
                                                    boolean returnFirst) {
    NodeList  elementList = element.getElementsByTagName(name);
    List      resultList  = new ArrayList();
    for (int i = 0; i < elementList.getLength(); i++) {
      if (getAttribute((Element) elementList.item(i), attribute).equals(value)) {
        resultList.add(elementList.item(i));
        if (returnFirst) {
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    return resultList;
  }
}

Returns the value of the attribute of the given element

/**
 * EasyBeans
 * Copyright (C) 2006 Bull S.A.S.
 * Contact: easybeans@ow2.org
 *
 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
 * version 2.1 of the License, or any later version.
 *
 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
 * Lesser General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307
 * USA
 *
 * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * $Id: XMLUtils.java 2049 2007-11-20 14:32:56Z benoitf $
 * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Properties;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.NamedNodeMap;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;
/**
 * Class with some useful methods on XML document.
 */
public final class XMLUtils {
    /**
     * Utility class, no constructor.
     */
    private XMLUtils() {
    }
    /**
     * Returns the value of the attribute of the given element.
     * @param base the element from where to search.
     * @param name of the attribute to get.
     * @return the value of this element.
     */
    public static String getAttributeValue(final Element base, final String name) {
        // get attribute of this element...
        NamedNodeMap mapAttributes = base.getAttributes();
        Node node = mapAttributes.getNamedItem(name);
        if (node != null) {
            return node.getNodeValue();
        }
        return null;
    }

}

return the right attribute node

import org.w3c.dom.Attr;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;

public class Main {
  // return the right attribute node
  public static Attr getAttr(Element elem, String name) {
      return elem.getAttributeNode(name);
  } // getAttr(Element, String):Attr
 
}

return the value of the attribute of the given element with the given name

import org.w3c.dom.Attr;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.NamedNodeMap;

public class Main {
  // return the value of the attribute of the given element with the given name
  public static String getAttrValue(Element elem, String name) {
      return elem.getAttribute(name);
  } // getAttr(Element, String):Attr
}

Set an Attribute in an Element

import org.w3c.dom.Element;
public class Utils {
  /**
   * Set an Attribute in an Element
   * @param element the containing Element
   * @param name the attribute name
   * @param value the attribute value
   */
  public static void setAttribute(Element element, String name, String value) {
    element.setAttribute(name, value);
  }
}

Set Attribute

/**
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
 * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
 * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
 * KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
 * specific language governing permissions and limitations
 * under the License.
 */
import javax.xml.namespace.QName;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.NamedNodeMap;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
/**
 * Few simple utils to read DOM. This is originally from the Jakarta Commons
 * Modeler.
 * 
 * @author Costin Manolache
 */
public class Utils {
  public static void setAttribute(Node node, String attName, String val) {
    NamedNodeMap attributes = node.getAttributes();
    Node attNode = node.getOwnerDocument().createAttribute(attName);
    attNode.setNodeValue(val);
    attributes.setNamedItem(attNode);
}
}